Capital Markets and Investment

The financial landscape of the Kingdom is undergoing a profound and accelerating digital transformation, of which the electronic check stands as one of the most consequential manifestations — representing a qualitative departure from conventional paper-based transactions toward a payment system that is secure, operationally efficient, and fully auditable. This transformation extends well beyond the mere […]

The Voluntary Carbon Market constitutes an innovative financial mechanism through which individuals, institutions, and corporate entities may acquire and transfer carbon credits for the purpose of offsetting greenhouse gas emissions that prove difficult to eliminate through conventional operational means. The financial proceeds generated by such market activity are channelled toward climate action initiatives — including

The acquisition process has emerged as an inevitable consequence of the rapid and successive developments of giant economic entities, and the sustained efforts in liberalizing international trade in goods and services, since these developments have intensified competition among companies (1). Small companies have had no option but to yield to large companies, withdraw from the

The UNCITRAL Guide on Facilitating Access to Credit for Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises constitutes an important legislative and policy tool aimed at addressing the financing gap faced by these enterprises, which most often arises from certain financing constraints and the inability of such enterprises to meet the conditions for granting them loans. The UNCITRAL

Investment, as a principal driver of economic growth and a means to achieve sustainable development, constitutes a strategic pillar of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, which aims to diversify the Kingdom’s economic base and increase investment rates therein.  In this context, an institutional and regulatory role of great significance emerges, represented by the

If public-private partnership emerged as an inevitable result of most countries of the world shifting toward the application of the capitalist system and abandoning the socialist system, and if every State strives diligently to develop its infrastructure and improve the quality of essential services it provides, such as education, health, transportation, communications, and sanitation, then

The Kingdom seeks to become an international investment powerhouse by stimulating the Saudi economy, diversifying sources of income, and supporting the investment and business environment in the Kingdom (1). Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are considered one of the Kingdom’s tools for diversifying its economy through the establishment of five SEZs, which contribute to the growth

There is no doubt that competition is the foundation of trade and industry, a pillar of the national economy, and the core of the market and its continuity. For that reason, most legislations have intervened to protect competition and regulate the market by establishing a clear and well-defined policy. U.S. competition laws are among the

The multinational company constitutes a fundamental pillar of the contemporary global economy. Within the economic and regulatory transformation underway in the Kingdom, the presence of major economic entities contributes to achieving the targets of Saudi Vision 2030 aimed at attracting foreign direct investment, transferring technology and know-how, and diversifying the economic base. The activities of

Economic concentration constitutes one of the pivotal concepts in competition protection policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The issue of economic concentration is addressed in detail in the Competition Law issued by Royal Decree No. (M/75) dated 29/6/1440H, its Implementing Regulation issued by Resolution of the Board of Directors of the General Authority for